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| ANSI Common Lisp 5 Data and Control Flow 5.1 Generalized Reference ### 5.1.1 Overview of Places and Generalized Reference A generalized reference is the use of a form, sometimes called a place, as if it were a variable that could be read and written. The value of a place is the object to which the place form evaluates. The value of a place can be changed by using setf. The concept of binding a place is not defined in Common Lisp, but an implementation is permitted to extend the language by defining this concept. The next figure contains examples of the use of setf. Note that the values returned by evaluating the forms in column two are not necessarily the same as those obtained by evaluating the forms in column three. In general, the exact macro expansion of a setf form is not guaranteed and can even be implementation-dependent; all that is guaranteed is that the expansion is an update form that works for that particular implementation, that the left-to-right evaluation of subforms is preserved, and that the ultimate result of evaluating setf is the value or values being stored.
Examples of setf
Access function | Update Function | Update using setf
--- | --- | ---
`x` | `(setq x datum)` | `(setf x datum)`
`(car x)` | `(rplaca x datum)` | `(setf (car x) datum)`
`(symbol-value x)` | `(set x datum)` | `(setf (symbol-value x) datum)`
The next figure shows operators relating to places and generalized reference.
Operators relating to places and generalized reference.
assert | defsetf | push
ccase | get-setf-expansion | remf
ctypecase | getf | rotatef
decf | incf | setf
define-modify-macro | pop | shiftf
define-setf-expander | psetf |
Some of the operators above manipulate places and some manipulate setf expanders. A setf expansion can be derived from any place. New setf expanders can be defined by using defsetf and define-setf-expander. 5.1.1.1 Evaluation of Subforms to Places 5.1.1.2 Setf Expansions

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